Rugao County of Jiangsu Province is famous for its possession of 134 centenarians in one million people in 2002. The life-span of a person mainly depends on factors such as inheritance, living habits and environment. Among the three factors, environmental factor is the most influencing one in Rugao County because the inhomogeneity of the spatial distribution of the density of longevous people is hard to explain by inheritance and living habits. It can be concluded from the population data that the density of centenarians is degressive from east to west and from north to south of the county showing the pattern of a curve. The density of centenarians in the eastern area is significantly higher than that in the central and western areas and reaches the highest in the southeastern area. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the density of over 90-year-old people is similar to that of centenarians. The characteristic of the spatial distribution of the density of longevous people is very similar to that of some soil types in Rugao County. In other words, the density of longevous people on Typic Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and Anthrostagnic Dark-Aquic Cambosols distributed from north through northeast to southeast in the pattern of an arch, is much higher than that on Calcaric Ochri-Aquic Cambosols distributed in central and western areas. The relationship between the density of longevous people and soil types suggests that the phenomenon of longevity was pertinent to the soil environment in Rugao County. As for mechanism of the pertinence, further study is needed.