There is a variety of pathogenic organisms or pathogens in sewage sludge, among which four major types of human pathogens are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminthes, and they all may be present in domestic sewage sludge. Pathogens can regrow in appropriate conditions in the soil after being applied with the sledge into the soil, thus posing environmental and health risks. Digestion, alkali-stabilization, composting, irradiation, Pasteurism, and perfection of laws and regulations for stacking and application of sewage sludge are main measures that can be used to abate the pathogenic risks on environment and health. It is, therefore, recommended that studies on environmental behaviors, ecological effects and health risks of pathogens in sewage sludge and sludge-affected environmental media be developed as soon as possible, and corresponding abating approaches and key technologies also be explored.