Rapeseed production region in the Yangtze River valley of Anhui Province was selected to study soil available S and the response of rapeseed yield to S fertilizers. Results showed that average content of soil available S was 15.31mg/kg, insufficient seriously. About 61.29% and 35.48% of the total soil area were of S-insufficient and potential S-insufficient, respectively. Among the main important soils, gray-alluvial meadow soil was of the most S-insufficient, about 80% of this soil area was of S-insufficient, this soil showed a remarkable response of rapeseed yield to S fertilizers. Compared with CK (only urea applied), rapeseed yield with S-fertilizers increased by 10.89%~26.21% with a mean of 15.80% in the pot experiment and 9.42%~16.43% with a mean of 13.29% in the field experiment.