A field experiment was conducted at two sites ( Huoqiu and Guzhen county ) along Huaihe river to study the effects of returning rice straw on the soil nutrients and wheat yields under different promoting decay conditions. Treatments were: (1) only inorganic fertilizer (F), (2) combining rice straw and inorganic fertilizer (SF), (3) combining rice straw, residues decay promoting microorganisms and inorganic fertilizer (SFD), (4) combining rice straw, residues decay promoting microorganisms and less inorganic fertilizer (SF4/5D), and (5) no fertilizer control (CK). The results obtained were listed as follows: (1) The treatment of SFD could significantly increase wheat yields in Huoqiu experimental site (P＜0.05) compared with the treatment of F, while it was SF, but not SDF had the similar effects in Guzhen experimental site. (2) In addition, compared with the treatment of F, the treatment of SFD could significantly increase soil organic matter, available phosphorus (P＜0.05) and so on in Huoqiu experimental site. (3) When reduced the content of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, the effect of the treatment which combining rice straw, residues decay promoting microorganisms and less inorganic fertilizer (SF4/5D) did not decrease significantly in two experimental sites compared with the treatment of F. In conclusion, returning rice straw into field under promoting condition could increase soil nutrients and wheat yields effectively, when the residues decay promoting microorganisms choose proper. And even if reducing the contents of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to 80%, the measure still had yield-increasing effects.