A fixed field experiment has been established for 10 years in Ziyang, Sichuan Province, and different hedgerows such as Vetiveria zizaniodes hedgerow (VH) and Amorpha fruticosa hedgerow (AH) were used to control the soil and water loss. In this study, we determined soil microbial features affected by the above treatments, the results showed that, compared with the CK, the amount of soil bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi of the VH and AH treatments increased by 63.43% and 36.63%, 47.87% and 71.89%, 74.60% and 43.65% respectively; soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) increased by 90.02% and 24.97%; soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) increased by 83.32% and 45.04%; ammonification activity increased by 73.28% and 75.65%; urase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity increased by 45.20% and 61.86%, 26.68 % and 38.95%; however, nitrosification and nitrification activity decreased by 26.97% and 52.96%, 6.46% and 22.19%, respectively. Thus, hedgerows treatments could improve soil physical and biochemical properties, and increase the microbial quantity, SMBC and SMBN, and reduce the soil nitrogen loss and enhance the utilization efficiency of soil nitrogen and phosphate.