Veterinary antibiotics could bring new soil pollution and ecology problem when they enter into soil. This paper studied the effects of different concentrations of sulfadiazine residues on soil nitrogen mineralization and related microbiological parameters. The results showed that sulfadiazine inhibited soil nitrogen mineralization which was more sensitive in low initial sulfadiazine concentrations. The principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis proved that, among the relevant microbiological parameters, the functional diversity of soil microbial communities could be used as indicators to predict the effect of sulfadiazine residues on soil nitrogen mineralization.