In the case of global climate change, it is essential to study the transformation process of soil organic matter (SOM) for improving the potential of terrestrial carbon sequestration. SOM cycle and stabilization are significantly related to its fractions and structure characteristics. Black soil in northeast China is well known of its high SOC stocks, it plays a crucial role in national food production. Recently, SOM content of black soil decreased dramatically, which resulted in the degradation of soil fertility and quality. The current advances of SOM dynamics, fractions and structure of black soil in northeast China as influenced by different agricultural managements were reviewed in this paper, and the further researches on SOM of black soil were also discussed. It showed that reclamation and tillage resulted in total SOM content, labile fractions and humic substance decreased markedly, the content and quality of SOM promoted as the application of optimum chemical fertilizer and organic manure, and SOM structure became simpler with long-term application of chemical fertilizer plus organic manure, which was positive to increase soil fertility. The mechanism of change on SOM fractions and its structure need to be further understood.