The effects of combined chemical fertilizer with return of total wheat straw on soil nutrients and maize yield of Shajiang black soil along Huai River were studied in June-October, 2010. The results showed that soil organic matter, total N, P, K and available N, P and K in the treatments of chemical fertilizer plus straw were significantly increased compared with CK (no fertilization) (P＜0.05) and had a relative increase compared with CF (only chemical fertilizer) to some degree. Maize yields under the treatments of chemical fertilizer plus straw ranged between 6 644.4 and 7 562.9 kg/hm2, increased by 11.51%-26.92% than CF treatment. Moreover, the maximum of maize yield arrived in the treatment of chemical fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O: 135-60-90 kg/hm2) plus straw (7 500 kg/hm2), which was significantly larger than CF treatment (P＜0.05).