Based on GIS technology and moving window method, the characteristics of landscape pattern and its spatio-temporal variations of Shiyang River basin in 1987, 2000 and 2010 were analyzed. According to characteristics of natural geographic gradient of basin in 2000, two transects were set up with a sampling interval of 1 km, one was along river’s flow direction (Tr1) and the other was perpendicular to river’s flow direction (Tr2). The elevation, precipitation, temperature, population and GDP were taken as the environmental factors and the landscape pattern indices as the target species, the pattern of landscape gradients with environmental factors was studied by redundancy analysis of constrained ordination methods (RDA). The results showed that: 1) Unused land, accounting for a half of the total landscape, composed a major part and were the landscape matrix in Shiyang River Basin during the study period; 2) Compared to 1987, the distribution of the landscape pattern index values ??showed significant differences from south to north gradients in 2010, blocks dominated the landscape structures in the basin with structures in the forms of ring or banded (corridor) dispersed on it; 3) The landscape pattern indices in vertical and horizontal gradient were significant different, landscape pattern indices of Tr1 in 2010 was significantly lower than in 1987, while landscape pattern indices of Tr2 did not change significantly with the time; 4) The gradient changes of landscape pattern indices and environmental factors were closely correlated, gradient pattern of landscapes in Tr1 transect was closely correlated with elevation, precipitation and temperature, while gradient pattern of landscapes in Tr2 transect was closely correlated with temperature, population and GDP.