By analyzing soil property data resulting from the 2nd National Soil Survey and recent soil sampling campaign, the current status of soil fertility of croplands in Hunan and its change trend in recent three decades were investigated. The results showed that the average contents of soil organic matter (SOM) of 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm soils in 2007 were 30.43 g/kg and 11.91 g/kg, respectively. The contents of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium(TK) of 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm soils in 2007 were 1.79 g/kg and 0.82 g/kg, 0.56 g/kg and 0.44 g/kg, 17.13 g/kg and 17.17 g/kg respectively. Compared with the 2nd soil survey, SOM content and available nitrogen (AN) content of 0–20 cm soil horizon, TN, TK, available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) contents of both 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm soil horizons increased significantly, but soil of 0-20 cm acidified significantly.