In order to investigate the fertilization effect and the fertilizer use efficiency on the potato in Inner Mongolia, a field experiments were carried out in 2002—2011. The accumulated amount of N, P, and K by potato increased as an “S” curve and accumulated slowly in the early period, then fast in the middle stage, and slowly again in the end. The absorption peak occurred in about 60 days after emergence, so it’s the critical period to the potato growing. The nutrient of N, P, and K supplied leaf growth mainly in the early period and 70%-80% N and 80%-90% P2O5 and K2O were transferred to the tuber in harvest day. The results showed that the potato yield was increased by 26.3%, 22.8% and 20.1% respectively, when N, P, and K fertilizer were used. Per kg N, P2O5 and K2O increased potato tuber 40.7 kg, 70.4 kg and 44.7kg and their use efficiency were 35.9%, 15.6% and 50.4% respectively. 5.32 kg N, 1.42 kg P2O5 and 6.01 kg K2O were needed to produce 1 t potato. The potato fertilizer could be recommended based on the output response and the efficiency of agriculture, especially for the nitrogen nutrient fertilization recommendation. The P and K can be recommended based on the output response and nutrient removal by a certain target yield of crops from the soil. So the soil nutrient balance should be considered besides the fertilizer effect in P and K fertilization recommendation.