Bamboo has a high potential of carbon sequestration, which is fast growing, renewable and widespread in the southern China. In order to precisely estimate the carbon storage of bamboo ecosystems, it is necessary to establish an accurate estimation model. In this study, a field investigation was conducted in Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces, the relationship between carbon density and latitude and altitude was analyzed, and a binary linear regression model was constructed. Using DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and provincial moso bamboo statistical data of research area, the statistical units were divided based on altitude and latitude gradient, and the carbon storage in the bamboo forest ecosystem in the four provinces was estimated. Finally, according to China’s forest resource inventory data, carbon stocks in the Chinese bamboo forest ecosystem were calculated. The results showed that, the carbon densities of moso bamboo forest ecosystem for the 36 sampled locations ranged from C 78.7 to 252.6 t/hm2. Carbon storage in the soil layer (0-60 cm) accounted for the majority of the total carbon as 66.9%-87.0%. The carbon storage of moso bamboo ecosystem in Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang were C 109.1, 102.1, 88.6 and 109.2 Tg, respectively, a total as 409.0 Tg C in Southern China. The carbon densities of moso bamboo forest ecosystem in the four provinces were C 122.0, 122.3, 109.5 and 136.5 t/hm2, respectively.