Because of poor soil quality, low crop yield and wide distribution, alkaline-saline soil has become a worldwide problem of soil degradation. Soil microorganism could be used as an indicator to evaluate alkaline-saline soil quality. Based on the systematic analysis and summarization on the researches in related fields, the microbial ecological characteristics of alkaline-saline lands and its amelioration process was reviewed, which included: soil microbe species and quantity, soil enzyme activities of alkaline-saline lands, role of microbe in alkaline-saline lands amelioration, effect of amelioration on soil microbe, and current situation of research on soil microbe by means of molecular ecological methods. Based on the above, several important research directions of alkaline-saline soil microbe in the future were proposed.