In this study the soil samples were collected from Dingyuan County of Jianghuai hilly region. The spatial distribution and variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in 2011 were analyzed by using the means of statistics, geostatistics and geographical information system (GIS). The result showed that the SOC contents in the county ranged from 1.10 to 33.72 g/kg with an average of 10.96 g/kg, and the coefficient of variation was 33.12%, belonged to the moderate degree of variation. The SOC semivariance model was exponential model. Moreover, there was a strong spatial autocorrelation of SOC content. From east to west SOC contents decreased first then increased in spatial distribution, and soil particle size fractions and the straw returning to the field were the main factors that influenced the spatial variability of SOC.