The structure and functional diversity of soil microbial communities of 1, 3, 5, 8 and 11 a asparagus shed were investigated with traditional dilution plate and Biolog-Eco system. The results showed that amount of bacteria decreased, fungi increased and bacteria/fungus ratio (B/F) decreased sharply after the cultivation of asparagus, which indicated a trend of soil microbe type translation from bacteria to fungi. Except for 11a shed, microbial metabolic activities were decreased as the increase of planting year, the AWCDS of 5a and 8a shed were only 15% of control’s (1 a shed). Diversity of microbial metabolic communities decreased: the richness indexes (S), Shannon indexes, McIntosh indexes of 5a and 8a were about 72%, 82%, 90% of control’s (1a shed) respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed the differences in metabolic characteristics of soil microbial community resulted mainly from the utilizations of six carbohydrates and five amino acids. The microbial parameters were sensitive to pH and EC of soil. In addition, the contents of available phosphorus and potassium in soil also affected microbial metabolism and?soil?system?differentiation.