An experiment was conducted to study the physicochemical properties of different compound substrates and to select the proper substrate formula to cultivate cucumber by using vermiculite : turf = 2︰1 as control and using cassava residue mixed with turf, mushroom residue and vermiculite in different volume ratios. The results showed that T1 (cassava residue : vermiculite : turf = 2︰1︰1) and T4 (cassava residue : turf = 1︰1) had weak acidic pH and their other physicochemical properties were most close to the ideal matrix. When these compound substrates were used to cultivate cucumber, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, yield, soluble solid, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid content and other indexes of T1 and T4 were significantly better than the control. The recommendation was to use T1(cassava residue︰vermiculite︰turf = 2︰1︰1), which uses less turf, as the cultivation substrate of cucumber in consideration of economic and environmental protection.