This study was carried out in the main distribution area of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) in the middle subtropical zone of China, which including Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces. Two sampling zones (including five sampling sites) were set according to the longitude and latitude, and 15 topsoil (0–20cm) and 15 soil profiles (0–60cm) were sampled. The spatial pattern of microbial community in the topsoil and soil profiles in Moso bamboo forests was studied based on phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR- DGGE). The results indicated that soil microbial communities in the topsoils showed no apparent zonality in the total biomass and α diversity, but the soil bacterial community structure changed significantly among different sites. The microbial community structure in the topsoil was affected by both the climatic factors and the soil physicochemical properties, and the relative influence of the climatic factors decreased with the increase of soil depth. Significant distance-decay relationship was observed in soil bacterial communities which showed the decrease in similarity of bacterial community structure (β diversity) with the increase of geographic distance. The surface layer (0–20cm) had a less slope then the subsurface layer (20–40cm), which could be caused by the strong impact of roots under the Moso bamboo forest. Environmental selection combined with dispersal limitation influence the spatial distribution pattern of soil microbial community under Moso bamboo.