A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of interplanting green manures on soil physico-chemical characters, soil fertility and environmental microclimate in tea plantation. The treatments included none-green manure (CK), interplanting white clover (Trifolium repens L.) , interplanting perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and clover-ryegrass mixed sowing in tea gardens. Soil samples were collected from different layers of 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and rapid available phosphorus were determined, air temperature, relative humidity and soil temperature were measured. The results showed that interplanting green manure effectively reduced soil bulk density and soil compaction, improved the ratio of soil gas phase and liquid phase, reduced soil temperatures at surface, 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm depths significantly, decreased the amplitude of soil temperature. While at the highest temperature, the cooling effect of each soil layer were in order of ryegrass > white clover > mixed sowing. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium under green manure treatments were higher than CK, increased by 6.67%–12.6%, 0.8%–15.2%, 24.1%–26.7% and 6.8%–88.9%, respectively. Green manure treatments increased significantly soil microbial quantity compared with CK, the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were 1.75–2.58 times, 1.22–1.88 times and 1.15–1.46 times of CK, respectively. The above results proved that the good effects and application prospect of interplanting white clover or perennial ryegrass in tea gardens in improving soil fertility and environmental microclimate.