Pedosphere is one of the most significant spheres for human health effects. Discriminating the natural and anthropogenic sources of soil heavy metals is of great significance to soil remediation and safeguarding human health. This study took Zhaoyuan County in Heilongjiang Province as the study area, by using the methods of spatial interpolation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, analyzed the contents and spatial distribution of heavy metals of As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in topsoil and deep soil, and then analyzed the sources of heavy metals in topsoil. The results showed that soil parent material, as an important source of topsoil, has a significant influence on the contents and spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoil; Hg in topsoil showed a whole range of enrichment in topsoil, and Cd showed a certain enrichment in the local area, which are caused by human pollution; The immigration of heavy metals to upstream catchment areas is attributed to the mild enrichment of heavy metals of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in topsoil in the study area.