Abstract:Yangshao culture was a typical primitive culture which had profound influence in the middle reaches of Yellow River, the cultural site covers an area of 300 000 square meters, approximately 900 meters long and 300 meters wide. In order to speculate the primitive agricultural information of the cultural site, two soil profiles in the cultural site were compared, one containing obvious evidence of ancient human activities (i.e. the cultural profile) and the other free of any ancient human disturbance (i.e. the natural profile), in sporopollen, charcoal, organic carbon isotope and phytolith. The analyses of the sporopollen and charcoal found that the ancient human beings selectively planted and picked up the plants for the survival and living when the human activities began to increase, which led to the increasing levels of Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae obviously, while the low-value plants were cut down and incinerated for living and farming, which resulted in the decrease of the contents of wood and fern. The analyses of organic carbon isotope and phytolith found that the natural vegetation types dominated by C3 plants were transformed into C4 plant-based artificial vegetation types under the influence of ancient human activities, and the main crops in Yangshao village cultural site were Setariaitalica and panicummiliaceum, in addition, oryza sativa phytoliths are found in samples of late period Yangshao culture. It was concluded that Yangshao village was belonged to the blended zone of rice and millet at that time, indicating that the climate was becoming more humid and new ways of agricultural activities were emerged.