The adsorption, desorption and migration of antibiotics in soil are seriously affected by soil physical and chemical properties. Soil humic acid and mineral components, such as kaolinite and montmorillonite, are important controlling factors. This paper mainly studied on adsorption and desorption kinetics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) onto soil, kaolinite, montmorillonite and humic acid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to investigate the changes of kaolinite, montmorillonite and humic acid before and after adsorption, and adsorption mechanism was explained. The results showed that adsorption (desorption) kinetics of SDZ could be divided into three stages: fast adsorption (desorption) stage, dynamic equilibrium of sorption and desorption stage and adsorption (desorption) equilibrium stage. The extent of adsorption (desorption) was determined at the end of 24 hours of adsorption (desorption) period in soil and its three components. SDZ concentration affected adsorption difference of soil and its components. Functional group content, electric property and hydrogen bond are the main causes of differences in adsorption. The pseudo-first-order kinetics model, pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Elovich model were used to fit the adsorption process. It was found that pseudo-second-order mechanism is predominant and the overall rate of SDZ adsorption process appears to be controlled by physical and chemical adsorption. FTIR hinted that SDZ was adsorbed by kaolinite mainly consists of physical adsorption with somewhat H-bonding. Montmorillonite adsorbed SDZ mainly by hydrogen bonding. Surface complexation and π-π EDA might be important factors in the sorption of SDZ with humic acid.