Low use efficiency of phosphorus (P) is one of key limiting factors in vegetable production. The root morphological and physiological plasticity of vegetable is the main biological mechanism to improve efficient use of P in soil. Currently, the excessive application of phosphate fertilizer leads to the deterioration of vegetable rhizosphere. Furthermore, rhizosphere has a feedback effect on the root morphology and activity and plant physiology of vegetables in return. This review based on the root system, from the point of view of oxygen nutrition, summarized the study progresses at home and abroad on the strategies of improving P efficiency, the responses of root and rhizosphere interaction to the P utilization of vegetables. Meanwhile, the biological mechanism for the effects of oxygenation on root growth and rhizosphere to improve the absorption and utilization of P in vegetables was expounded. These advances would provide basis for improving P use efficiency and reducing the input of P fertilizer in vegetable production.