Rational utilization of organic fertilizer resources and substitution of organic fertilizers for some chemical fertilizers is one of the important ways to achieve the goal of reducing the application of chemical fertilizers. The substitution of organic fertilizers for some chemical fertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve soil physiochemical properties and promote crop growth especially for saline soil. This paper took the coastal saline-alkaline land as the research object, a two-year field experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2016 at the Bohai Experimental Base in Wudi County, Binzhou to study the effects of five fertilization patterns: non-fertilizer (CK), common chemical fertilizer (CCF), and organic fertilizer substituting low-level chemical fertilizer treatment (LOM), organic fertilizer substituting medium-level chemical fertilizer treatment (MOM), and organic fertilizer substituting high-level chemical fertilizer treatment (HOM) on saline soil improvement and wheat yield. The results showed that compared with CK, the effect of CCF treatment was not significant on soil salinity, while the replacement of some chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers significantly reduced the total amount of water-soluble salts, and pH, especially in the flowering stage of wheat, soil salinization under MOM and HOM treatments were significantly improved, the proportion of soil water-soluble Na and exchangeable Na were significantly reduced, and ESP and SAR values were decreased. HOM treatment had the best improvement in salinity in coastal salt-alkali soil. Compared with CK, all fertilization treatments improved soil nutrients. Compared with CCF treatment, organic fertilizer substitution treatments had no significant effect on soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents. However, the content of available potassium in HOM treatment was significantly higher than those in other treatments, and Na toxicity was inhibited to a certain extent. Organic fertilizer replacement treatment also significantly increased the content of soil organic matter and improved the soil environment. Compared with the CCF treatment, the organic fertilizer substitution treatments, LOM, MOM, and HOM increased wheat yield by 7.5%, 18.8% and 26.4%, respectively. In summary, organic fertilizers replacing part of chemical fertilizers can achieves the goal of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, has obvious improvement effect on coastal saline-alkaline soil, and can promote wheat yield. In the three kinds of organic fertilizers treatments, HOM treatment has the best effect on the improvement of saline-alkali soil and the highest yield of wheat.