A field experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2017 with Liangping pomelo (Citrus Maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Liangpin Yu) aged 10 a as the object. Different fertilization were designed, which included no fertilizer (CK), single chemical fertilizer (CF), 50% fertilizer + 50% organic fertilizer (CF+OF), and single organic fertilizer (OF), and then their effects on the yield, quality and soil fertility of pomelo were studied. The results showed that no significant difference existed in the single fruit weight between CF+OF, OF and CF, however, CF + OF had the highest fruit number per plant, and its pomelo yield was 8.2%, 31.2% and 11.82% higher than those of OF, CF and CK, respectively. Compared with CK, CF+OF increased fruit juice content, total sugar, free amino acid and vitamin C in pomelo by 20.40%, 18.95%, 64.34% and 27.06% respectively, while decreased significantly peel thickness, seed number and total acidity of pomelo, thus improved the quality of pomelo. Fertilization significantly increased soil microbial biomass C and N. In different fertilization, the ratio of microbial C and N changed from 7.39 to 13.89 with significant differences (P<0.05). The number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the maturing stage of pomelo was significantly higher in CF+OF than or similar to those of single fertilization, indicating that CF+OF could promote the growth and reproduction of soil microbes, coordinate the supply of soil nutrients and improve the nutrition of pomelo. Different fertilization had no significant effect on soil pH (P>0.05). Compared with CK, OF and CF+OF increased the contents of soil organic matter and available potassium content, while CF had no significant difference with CK (P>0.05); CF, OF and CF+OF increased significantly the content of available phosphorus by 6.53%, 22.74% and 34.72% respectively compared with CK (P<0.05). CF+OF had the highest content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, followed by CF and OF, while CK was the lowest. In addition, combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizers also improved the activities of soil invertase, urease, phosphatase and catalase, which was beneficial to the cycle of soil organic matter, the transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the elimination of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, the combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the yield and quality of Liangping pomelo, coordinate the supply of soil nutrients, increase the number of soil microbes and the activities of soil enzymes, which is beneficial to the transformation and health of soil nutrients, and should be to advocated in the fertilization of pomelo.