In this paper, bacterial community structures were studied in the slope land of red soil under straw mulching and vetiver grass hedgerows and their relations with soil environmental factors were also investigated in order to provide the basis for soil microbial diversity maintenance and proper land management. Soil samples were collected from an experimental field (since 2009) with different soil and water conservation measures, including peanut contour farming (CK), peanuts + vetiver grass hedgerows, peanuts + rice straw mulching (M) and peanuts + vetiver grass hedgerows + rice straw mulching (HM), the abundances, diversities and compositions of bacterial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes (Illumina Miseq platform), and their relations with soil environmental factors were analyzed by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and factor analysis. The results showed that H, M and HM increased soil microbial richness and Shannon index compared with CK, H and M dominated microbial richness, M dominated bacterial diversity, and HM had the highest number of endemic species of bacteria. Soil and water conservation measures affected soil bacterial community structures, compared with CK, M significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria by 5.1% and decreased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, while HM significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes by 5.4% and 1.2% respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that bacterial community structures were similar between M and HM, but significantly different with those of CK and H. CCA analysis showed that the activities of xylanse and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were closely related to bacterial community composition, and the contents of soil TOC and NO₃^--N were main environmental factors associated with bacterial community.