The field survey was conducted in 10 sugarcane-growing towns in Menghai County, and a total of 200 soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm layer to determine soil pH, organic matter (OM), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK), exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺). ArcGIS Kriging interpolation method was used to study the spatial distributions of soil fertility indicators, and improved Nemerow comprehensive index method was applied to evaluate soil comprehensive fertility. The results showed that soil is serious acid, 73.5% and 9.5% of soil samples was in pH 4.5-5.5 and pH<4.5. OM, AN, AP, AK, Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ were generally high, with the proportions of the medium and high grades of 88.5%, 83.5%, 71.0%, 91.5%, 73.5%, and 85.0%, respectively. pH was higher in the south, while low levels of OM, AN, AP, AK mainly occurred in the west and south, and low levels of Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ were mostly in the northwest and middle-east. The comprehensive soil fertility index was meanly 1.52, belonged to the grade II (middle to high fertility level). In conclusion, soils in sugarcane area of Menghai are mainly acid and the fertility is high in most regions, suitable for sugarcane-growing.