To explore the effects on soil microbial community, different urban landscape bamboo forests (Phyllostachys edulis, P.iridescens and P.glauca) were chosen in the Chenshan Shanghai Botanical Garden as the study area. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology and soil physicochemical indexes were used. The results showed that the contents of soil total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK) and electric conductivity (EC) were significantly different among the three bamboo forests. The Sobs and Shannon indexes of soil bacteria were highest under P.edulist and lowest under P.glauca. Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi were the dominant phyla of soil bacteria, while Ascomycota was the dominant soil fungi. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Chloroflexi were significantly higher under P.glauca, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Myxococcota were the highest under P.edulis. However, there was no significant difference in the dominant phyla of soil fungi among the three bamboo forests. Meanwhile, the community composition of soil bacterial was significantly correlated with pH, nitrate nitrogen (NN), EC, TP, ammonium nitrogen (AN), moisture content (MC), AK and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), while the fungal community was significantly affected by TP, EC and TK.