In order to provide scientific basis and theoretical guidance for rational return to field of compost products, the quality difference of aerobic compost products from different formulations of Chinese medicinal residues and its influence on soil carbon mineralization were studied. The conducted experiment included two stages of aerobic composting and organic fertilizer return to the field. Through the factory strip aerobic composting experiment, the effects of three combinations of Chinese medicine residues on the quality of aerobic composting products at the same C/N ratio and different lignocellulose contents were studied, while soil breathing bottle was used for indoor culture under the constant temperature and humidity to simulate the effect of soil fertilization, and the effects of three kinds of organic fertilizers on the dynamic changes of organic carbon decomposition and soil organic carbon mineralization were studied under different fertility levels. The results show that lignocellulose content in the combinations of traditional Chinese medicine residues significantly affect carbon and nitrogen transformation and humus components of compost products. Compared with the initial low lignocellulose content treatment (T1), Organic carbon is difficult to degrade under the high lignocellulose content treatment (T3), whose total carbon and nitrogen contents of the compost product is 5.7% higher and 18.4% lower than those of T1, And T3 is beneficial to the formation of humus, especially to humic acid component which is significantly increased by 20.9% compared with T1. The effects of three corresponding organic fertilizers on carbon mineralization are significantly different for different fertility soils under the same carbon input. The release rate and cumulative release amount of CO₂-C in high fertility soils are higher than those in low fertility soils, but the cumulative mineralization rate of organic carbon is lower than that in low fertility soils. In addition, the cumulative mineralization rate of T1 compost in high fertility soil is significantly higher than that of T3 compost. Humic acid component in organic fertilizer has a significant negative correlation with soil carbon mineralization, therefore, in order to improve soil carbon sequestration, humic acid components can be appropriately increased in organic fertilizers, however, different nutrient management strategies should be adopted for different fertility levels of soil.