Soil quality of farmlands under different use patterns were assessed in Jingmen City of Jianghan Plan, Hubei Province in order to instruct scientific utilization and rational fertilization. In total, 364 soil samples were collected from 158 rice fields, 24 rape-rice fields, 18 wheat-ricer fields and 80 dry lands, soil indexes were measured, including the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, the contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb), the weights of soil indexes were decided through factor analysis, and soil comprehensive fertility index was calculated, soil comprehensive environment quality was assessed by Nemerow integrated pollution index method, and then soil comprehensive equality was evaluated by superimposing soil comprehensive fertility index and comprehensive environment quality. The results showed that soil comprehensive fertility index was 4.45, mainly in the 2^nd and 3^rdgrades, more than 60% of the farmlands were in the medium and above grades in each soil index. Soil fertility was different under various land use patterns, with rape-rice field being the highest, followed by wheat-rice field, and rice fields and dry land being the lowest. Soil environmental quality was generally good, mainly in the clean grade, but which were various under different use patterns, no pollution in rape-rice fields, while 1.25% of dry lands was in light pollution and 1.27% of rice fields in medium pollution, which were mainly caused by Cd and Hg. The comprehensive evaluation showed that soil quality of farmlands in the study area generally was good, with 98.93% of the farmlands were above the middle level, and rape-rice field and wheat-rice field had the highest proportion above the middle level.