To investigate the causal relationship between light condition on the yield of short crops and the rhizosphere microbial community in the intercropping system, in this study, based on the long-term experiment platform of maize/peanut intercropping in the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the low light and high light conditions were designed, isotope labeling and high-throughput sequencing technology were used to study the effects of photosynthesized carbon excrete in the rhizosphere of short peanut on the rhizosphere bacterial community structures and crop yields under different light conditions. The results showed that:1) Increasing the light interception of peanut canopy increased the allocation of photosynthetic carbon in peanut rhizosphere; 2) The difference in light condition caused changes in the bacterial community structure and key bacterial groups in peanut rhizosphere; 3) High light condition changed the intercropping peanut rhizosphere functional bacterial community to increase peanut production. The research results provide new perspective for optimizing intercropping management measures and increasing the yield of tall and short crop intercropping systems.