To reduce soil-borne diseases, ensure the health of farmland soil, and guide the rational use of organic materials, a field experiment with maize as the test crop was conducted. Five treatments were set up on the basis of consistent application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers, including sole chemical fertilizer (CK), sheep manure + chemical fertilizer (A), cassava residue + chemical fertilizer (P), woody peat + chemical fertilizer (M), and MSG waste pulp + chemical fertilizer (I). The experiment aimed to observe the changes in soil fungal community structure under different treatments. The results indicated that the application of organic materials reduced the diversity but increased the richness of the soil fungal community. Among the treatments, the richness of the fungal community was highest in I treatment, and dominant fungal phyla in all treatments were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota. After the application of organic materials, the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased in P, M and I treatments, while the relative abundance of Basidiomycota decreased. In contrast, A treatment showed an opposite trend, with an decrease in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and a increase in Basidiomycota. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil pH was the primary environmental factor influencing the fungal community, followed by organic matter, electrical conductivity, and available potassium, with smaller effects observed for alkaline nitrogen and available phosphorus. Furthermore, the combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers increased the proportion of saprotrophic and symbiotic fungi, reducing the quantity of pathogenic fungi. Among the treatments, the combination of woody peat and chemical fertilizer showed the most significant effect, contributing to the maintenance of soil ecosystem stability and providing a healthy soil environment for crop production.