In order to investigate the effects of tillage and crop rotation on soil physicochemical properties and carbon components, an field experiment was conducted, in which two tillage modes (no-tillage and traditional tillage) and three planting modes (wheat-maize rotation, wheat/maize intercropping, wheat-winter rapeseed-maize rotation) were deigned. The results showed that compared with traditional tillage, no-tillage increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and water content in 0–5 and 5–20 cm soil layer, but decreased soil pH and bulk density. Soil bulk density, water content, total nitrogen and total phosphorus under no-tillage and wheat/corn intercropping (NT.W1/NT.WM.1) were higher than those under no-tillage and wheat-corn-winter rapeseed rotation (NT.WRM3) and no-tillage and wheat-corn rotation (NT.WM5). The contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil carbon content under no-tillage treatment was higher than that under traditional tillage treatment. Compared with traditional tillage treatment, the contents of soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, soluble organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in 0–5 cm soil layer were increased by 1.31%–36.57%, 2.07%–35.22%, 2.38%–4.78% and 2.08%–11.68%, respectively. The contents of soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon under no-tillage treatment in 5–20 cm soil layer were higher than those under traditional tillage treatment. Under different no-tillage treatments, the contents of soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in 0–5 and 5–20 cm soil layers under NT.WM5 were higher than those in other no-tillage treatments. Correlation analysis showed that soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and available phosphorus were positively correlated, while bulk density and organic carbon content were negatively correlated. In conclusion, no-tillage and wheat/maize intercropping can improve soil physicochemical properties, and no-tillage and wheat-maize rotation can increase soil organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon content.