This paper systematically summarized characterization methods for clay dispersion and outlines the main indicators used to measure the degree of dispersion. It also described the effects of clay dispersion on soil physical properties and discussed the factors that influence clay dispersion, including soil acidity, ion concentration, soil organic matter, agricultural management practices, and the application of exogenous substances. Finally, this paper proposed control methods for clay dispersion. Analysis showed that commonly used indicators for characterizing clay dispersion are ion exchangeability, charge sparsity, net dispersion amount, cation ratios, and cation exchange capacity, based on the different dispersion and agglomeration capabilities of Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺. Meanwhile, the electrical potential and turbidity are closely related to clay dispersion and warrant further investigation in the study of clay dispersion in saline-sodic soil. Clay dispersion destroys soil structure, reducing soil hydraulic conductivity soil and severely hindering its normal function. The mechanism of clay dispersion is influenced by the differences in the valence states of cations and different concentrations of soil solution, which affect the thickness of the positive layer on clay surfaces and the Van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion between clay particles. Further understanding the mechanism of clay dispersion can help to identify the main factors affecting it, suppress clay dispersion in saline-sodic soil, improve soil structure, and provide theoretical and technical guidance for the remediation of saline-sodic land.