To investigate the spatial structure change pattern of land use in the Yellow River Delta Ecological Function Reserve, which can provide a scientific basis for the rational planning and ecological protection of land resources in the Yellow River Delta region. Based on Google Earth Engine (GEE), Landsat5 (TM), Landsat7 (ETM), and Landsat8 (OLI) data were used as remote sensing data sources to classify the land use types of the Yellow River Delta Ecological Function Reserve from 1985 to 2020 using the random forest classification method. On this basis, the fractal theory method was used to calculate the land use fractal dimension and stability index, and the complexity and stability of the spatial structure of land use in the study area were quantitatively analyzed in two stages. The results show that: (1) From 1985 to 2020, the area of cultivated land in the study area gradually decreased, the area of grassland was relatively stable, and the area of water bodies gradually expanded, with the highest growth rate in 2015-2020, the change of bare land area was more volatile, increasing and then gradually decreasing, and the area of buildings grew exponentially. (2) The fractal dimension of the spatial structure of land use in the study area generally shows a decreasing trend, indicating that the complexity of land use in the study area decreases. (3) The stability index of the spatial structure of land use in the study area tends to increase in general, indicating that the spatial structure of land use tends to be stable. With the implementation of environmental protection policies, the spatial structure of land use in the Yellow River Delta Ecological Functional Reserve has been gradually improved, and natural resources such as water and grass have been gradually enriched.