Black soil, recognized as the most fertile soil, is scarce and valuable, often referred to as the "giant panda of soils." Heilongjiang Province, the core distribution area of cold region black soil, serves as a crucial grain production base in China. Investigating the distribution characteristics and status of nutrient elements in black soil is of significant importance for modern agricultural production and the preservation of black soil. This paper takes Fuyuan City in Heilongjiang Province as an example. Based on recent achievements in geochemical survey data of land quality, this study employs a combination of geostatistical analysis and GIS analysis to systematically research and evaluate 13 nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and soil organic matter in the surface soil of the research area. The research findings reveal the content and distribution characteristics of various nutrient elements in the surface soil of Fuyuan region, as well as their distribution characteristics in different soil types. This study establishes the background values of nutrient elements in the surface soil and evaluates the deficiency status of each nutrient element according to relevant standards. The evaluation results indicate that the organic matter content in the surface soil of Fuyuan region is abundant, nitrogen and phosphorus content are relatively rich, potassium content is moderate, while calcium, magnesium, boron, and zinc are comparatively deficient. Sulfur, iron, manganese, and copper elements exhibit significant variations in content, with levels above medium constituting over 60%. The comprehensive geochemical assessment of soil nutrients suggests that approximately 77.1% of the soil in this area is rich to relatively rich in nutrients, with only 1.2% showing relative deficiency. The soil fertility is good, providing valuable insights for the development of modern agriculture and the preservation and utilization of black soil in this region.