The low weathered (LT) and high weathered (MT) rock samples from the source area, and the rock samples from the circulation area (F) of Jiangjiagou debris flow in Kunming City, Yunnan Province were collected as the materials. The high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence was used to study the community structure and diversity of bacterial communities inhabiting rock surface, and the driving effects of the physiochemical properties of rock samples on the variation of rock epiphytic bacteria community were explored through redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that the rocks in this area belonged to slate. The α-diversity indexes of bacterial community in rock samples of LT group (including Faith's phylogenetic Diversity index (PD), Shannon index, Chao1 index and the number of unique OTUs in each sample) were significantly higher than those in rock samples of MT group and F group, and α-diversity index was significantly positively correlated with the organic matter content of slate (r=0.80 – 0.91, P<0.01). The dominant populations of surface bacteria in the slate included Firmicutes (with relative abundance of 66%), Proteobacteria (15%) and Actinobacteria (11%). The results of PCoA and UPMGA showed significant differences in the bacterial communities of the three rock samples. The relative abundance of Firmicutes from high to low was MT group >F group > LT group, while the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria from high to low were LT group >F group >MT group. RDA results showed that physiochemical properties of slate explained 93% of the variation of rock sample community, and the content of available Ca was the main driver for the variation of the bacterial community inhabiting salte surface, which explained 36.6% of the toral variation. The relative abundance of dominant phyla (except for Firmicutes) were significantly positively correlated with the contents of available Si and Mn, while negatively correlated with the content of available Ca. This study further enriches the resources of rock surface microbiota and the driving mechanisms of variation in rock surface microbial communities.