Reviewing of spatiotemporal distribution patterns of soil microbial community diversities and structures at different scales gives rise to understanding the mechanisms of community assembling and responding to global climate change. Many advances have been made in this field in the past two decades with widely-used high-throughput sequencing technology. An overview of the distribution patterns and drivers of soil bacteria and fungi communities at different spatial scales (micro, local, regional and continental scales) and temporal scales (short-term, seasonal, multi-years and more than hundreds of years) was provided in this paper. The recent studies indicated that spatiotemporal distribution patterns are different between bacteria and fungi, which are mainly driven by the spatial heterogeneity of soil, and space is more important than time in regulating soil microbial community, or time variables act as a supplement for space. Based on the existing progresses and problems, future perspectives in this field are pointed to explore the spatial distribution patterns at higher taxonomy levels at regional and continental scales for specific community, and reveal the universal distribution pattern and driving mechanism that attempts to simplify this question in a new way.