To investigate the impacts of drought on the yields and soil characteristics of different crop varieties, this study selected six spring wheat varieties with varying degrees of drought resistance. Two water control treatments, namely drought (rainproof shelter) and control (regulated watering), were implemented, and the differences in yields and soil characteristics under drought stress among the spring wheat varieties were systematically analyzed. The results showed that drought significantly affected soil nutrient contents, enzyme activity, microbial biomass, and wheat yield (P<0.05). Under drought conditions, the contents of soil total nitrogen and organic carbon, the activities of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase, and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus were significantly reduced, while the contents of total potassium and phosphorus, and the activities of catalase and urease were significantly increased. C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios ranged from 10.23 to 14.13, 4.03 to 7.42, and 0.39 to 0.56, respectively. Both Longmai 36 and Longmai 33 showed relatively small variations in these indicators, with Longmai 36 achieved the highest yield (5 699.14 kg/hm²) under drought conditions. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis indicated that drought was the primary factor causing differences in yield and soil indicators, with organic carbon being a key soil factor influencing spring wheat yield. In summary, Longmai 36 and Longmai 33 showed certain potentials in alleviating the adverse effects of drought on soil nutrient balance and yield and are suitable spring wheat varieties for planting in the dry farming areas of the western Greater Khingan Mountains.