In this paper, the Guanzhong Plain was taken as the research object, soil samples were collected from five depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-100 cm in the fields, and the contents of six trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ba, and Co) were determined, and their spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors were explored. The results showed that: 1) The mean values of trace elements in the 0-100 cm depth in the Guanzhong Plain, from highest to lowest, was as follows: Fe>Mn>Ba>Zn>Cu>Co. Compared with soil background values in Shaanxi Province, the mean values of Fe, Mn and Co were higher in different soil layers, the mean value of Ba was lower, while the mean values of Zn and Cu were varied and irregular. As the depth increased, the contents of Fe, Ba, and Co increased, the contents of Zn and Cu decreased, while the content of Mn first increased and then decreased. 2) The optimal interpolation model was an exponential model for most elements in different soil layers, and the six elements in different soil layers exhibited varying degrees of spatial correlation and range differences, with depth dependence. 3) The contents of soil trace elements were higher in the west and lower in the east in the study area. 4) The main influencing factors were moisture and sand particles in the 0-10, 10-20, and 60-100 cm soil layers, moisture, pH and sand particles in the 20-40 cm soil layer, and sand particles in the 40-60 cm soil layer.