This study relied on a long-term positioning experiment to investigate the effects of long-term straw replacement of partial chemical nitrogen fertilizers on rice yield and soil phosphorus accumulation as well as the relationship between soil chemical properties and phosphorus components. The results showed that compared with chemical fertilizers alone, straw replacement of nitrogen fertilizers for 1/3 and 2/3 enhanced rice yield by increasing the fruiting rate, the number of solid grains per spike and the number of effective spikes of rice, and the total aboveground biomass of rice increased significantly by 17.8% and 17.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, straw replacement significantly increased the contents of soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter at different growth periods of rice, while reduced total phosphorus content by 14.3%-35.2% and 21.1%-37.65, and available phosphorus content by 24.5%-46.5% and 42.6%-60.1% under straw replacement of nitrogen fertilizers for 1/3 and 2/3, respectively. In terms of soil phosphorus components, straw replacement mainly affected inorganic phosphorus components, and compared with chemical fertilizers alone, aluminum phosphorus (Al-P) content decreased by 17.6%-52.4% and 35.1%-57.8%, iron phosphorus (Fe-P) content decreased by 14.1%-26.7% and 29.8%-42.5%, and calcium phosphorus (Ca-P) content decreased by 21.2%-55.2% and 46.5%-66.5% under straw replacement of nitrogen fertilizers for 1/3 and 2/3, respectively. Except soil total potassium and pH, the other soil chemical properties were significantly correlated with Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P, which indicates straw replacement of nitrogen fertilizer regulates the transformation between different phosphorus forms by affecting soil chemical properties.