In order to screen out the biochar that can enhance soil nutrients and promote wheat growth, four kinds of biochars from wheat straw, corn straw, rice straw and peanut shell were prepared and their effects on soil nutrients, plant height, dry weight and nitrogen-phosphorus uptake of wheat were studied using a pot experiment. The results showed that the four kinds of biochars all increased the contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil. In addition, the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus under wheat straw biochar treatment were higher than other biochar treatments, with significant increase of 30.27% and 71.68% (P<0.05), respectively, in comparison with the control. The four kinds of biochars all increased the plant height and dry weights of stems and leaves of wheat at maturity, thus could promote wheat growth, among which the wheat straw biochar had the best effect. In addition, the four kinds of biochars also increased the net photosynthetic rate of wheat leaves. Although the four kinds of biochars did not significantly increase the total nitrogen contents in various parts of wheat, it significantly increased the total phosphorus contents in stems and leaves of wheat. In conclusion, the four kinds of biochars all can improve soil nutrients and promote wheat growth, among which wheat straw biochar has the best effect, and is recommended to apply in wheat growing areas.