Soil acidification has become a problem that has attracted widespread attention in soil and environment fields in recent years, it adversely affects crop yield quality, soil health and biodiversity. In this paper, three calcium-based polymer conditioners: calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS), calcium polyaspartate (PASP-Ca) and calcium polyglutamate (γ-PGA-Ca) were studied on the improvement of acidic soil and the growth promotion of potted plants. The improvement effect and mechanism of the conditioners were revealed by measuring soil aggregates, microbial community structure, and plant (cabbage) growth and root development through a pot experiment. The results showed that the addition of calcium polyglutamate was not only conducive to the formation of large soil water-stable aggregates, but also conducive to enhancing the stability of soil aggregate structure. Calcium polyaspartate and calcium polyglutamate significantly enhanced the diversity and homogeneity of soil bacteria, thereby promoting material cycles and nutrient storage and release. In addition, the above three calcium-based polymer conditioners significantly promoted the growth and development of crops and their roots. By alleviating the inhibition of acidification and structural stresses on plant growth, while improving soil fertility, it promoted crop roots and biomass. Among them, calcium glutamate had the best effects. This study proves the effects of three efficient calcium-based polymer materials as soil conditioners, providing important reference and basis for the regulation and sustainable development of acidic soil.