With the shortage of global mineral resources and the aggravation of ecological degradation in mining areas, the green disposal of tailings has become a common problem restricting the sustainable development of mining and environment. To address the critical challenges of high bulk density, poor permeability, and inadequate aggregate structure in the ecological remediation of graphite tailings, the study selected fly ash, bentonite, cattle manure, and biochar as amendments. A incubation experiment was conducted to analyze the synergistic effects of composite modifiers on tailings’ pH, bulk density, pore structure, water characteristics, and fertility. A multidimensional evaluation system based on comprehensive scoring and principal component analysis was established to quantitatively compare remediation efficacy and screen optimal ratios. Results indicated that fly ash alone most significantly increased tailings' pH, while biochar alone most effectively reduced bulk density. After applying composite modifiers, all physicochemical properties of tailings were significantly improved. Compared to the control, bulk density decreased by 4.68%-26.32%, total porosity increased by 1.27%-15.44%, and the percentage of water-stable macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) reached 2.85-7.03 times than that of the control, with aggregate composition shifting from microaggregates (<0.053 mm) to macroaggregates (2-0.25 mm). Saturated water content increased by 1.41%-19.23%, and field capacity rose by 22.14%-53.53%, alongside substantial enhancements in organic matter and nutrient levels. Comprehensive scoring and range analysis revealed the following order of influence on overall efficacy: cattle manure > biochar > bentonite > fly ash. The optimal composite modifier ratio was determined as 30 g/kg fly ash+60 g/kg bentonite+60 g/kg cattle manure+75 g/kg biochar. The research provides theoretical and technical support for the utilization of graphite tailings as soil resource, offering a sustainable strategy for tailings remediation and waste valorization.