To evaluate soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under different land use practice in Ningguo City, Anhui Province, soil samples were systematically collected from rice paddies, Carya cathayensis plantations, and tea plantations during 2016–2019. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and the soil quality index (SQI) using the area-based method were analyzed. Results showed no significant difference in SOC content between rice paddies and Carya cathayensis plantations, whereas tea plantations exhibited a 26% reduction in SOC compared to Carya cathayensis plantations. Carya cathayensis plantations displayed significantly higher concentrations of macronutrients (TN, TP, TK) and micronutrients (Zn, B, Cu, Se, Co, Mo, Ni, V), while nutrient levels in rice paddies and tea plantations remained relatively low. Additionally, soil pH was notably higher in Carya cathayensis plantations. The comprehensive evaluation revealed that the SQI ranked highest in Carya cathayensis plantations, followed by rice paddies, with tea plantations scoring the lowest.