In this study, nineteen salinity gradients of chloride and sulfate salts were established during seasonal freeze-thaw cycles. By continuously monitoring soil microbial populations and salinity-related environmental factors, the interactive relationships between them were investigated. The results demonstrated that sulfate and chloride salts exhibited comparable effects without significant difference on soil microbial populations, while soil pH emerged as a statistically significant determinant. Logistic regression analysis identified a critical threshold at 1.3 g/kg salt concentration, beyond which microbial abundance declined sharply before stabilizing. Comparative analysis using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression revealed significantly greater environmental stress tolerance in fungal communities relative to bacterial populations (β= -504.193, P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis integrating Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and OLS modeling indicated that salt concentration exceeding 1.3 g/kg under freeze-thaw conditions initiated progressive soil ecosystem deterioration.