A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using Chinese cabbage as the test crop, with no application of earthworm solid waste treatment as the control (CK). Five treatments, including 2% (T1), 4% (T2), 6% (T3), 8% (T4), and 10% (T5) earthworm solid waste application, were set up to investigate the effects of earthworm solid waste application on the growth, quality and yield of Chinese cabbage in facility soil and soil improvement. The results showed that compared with CK treatment, T3 treatment increased plant height, leaf number, root length, aboveground fresh weight, and underground fresh weight by 30.9%, 37.9%, 41.2%, 78.3%, and 255.6%, respectively. The vitamin C, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content of Chinese cabbage increased by 96.5%, 109.7%, and 65.7%, respectively, while the nitrate content decreased by 73.8%. The growth and quality indicators of Chinese cabbage improved in each treatment from T3 to T5, however, there was no significant difference between the treatments. Compared with CK treatment, T3 treatment reduced soil pH by 0.18–0.31 units, decreased conductivity by 56.3%, increased ammonium nitrogen content by 146.4%, and soil microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration, microbial entropy, and activities of sucrase, urease, phosphatase and catalase were found to be higher than CK treatment at rates of 6.7 times, 2.9 times, 4.6 times, 1.8 times, 3 times, 2.4 times, and 2.3 times, respectively, with significant differences observed among them. Among all treatments, T3 treatment had the lowest soil metabolic entropy. There were significant differences in soil organic matter, available phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen content among the treatments, which increased with the increase of earthworm solid waste application rate. In summary, the application of earthworm solid waste can improve soil fertility, and microbial biomass, promote the growth and quality of Chinese cabbage, and a rate of 6% earthworm solid waste application is considered ideal for planting Chinese cabbage in facilities.