Soil emerging contaminants refer to a class of environmentally persistent, biotoxic and accumulative chemical substances newly discovered or of concern in the soil environment, posing potential hazards to the ecosystem and human health. As a product of earthworm digestion of organic matter, vermicompost is rich in functional microbial communities such as "fertility-enhancing microbiota", showing remarkable potential for degradation of emerging contaminants. Based on bibliometric analysis of 6,959 publications (1983-2024), current research focuses on the biological properties of vermicompost and agricultural production, primarily encompassing soil improvement, bioremediation, and plant growth promotion, with vermicompost-mediated soil remediation emerging as a frontier field. Based on a summary of the origins and compositional features of the vermicompost microbiome, this review highlights recent advances in the mitigation and removal of emerging soil contaminants—including persistent organic pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, and microplastics—by vermicompost-derived microbial communities. Furthermore, biotic and abiotic factors influencing microbial degradation efficiency are discussed, offering novel scientific insights for the green remediation of emerging contaminants in soil.