The red soil region of southern China is endowed with abundant hydrothermal resources; however, the uneven spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation and clayed physical properties of red soils have led to frequent seasonal drought, posing a serious threat to the sustainable development of agricultural in this region. Under the combined effects of global climate change and human activities, the threat of seasonal drought in the red soil region has intensified in recent years, drawing widespread attention to its formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, this paper systematically elaborates on the types and characteristics of seasonal droughts in the red soil region; examines the shift in drought research paradigms from traditional point observations to integrated application of remote sensing, geographic information system, and numerical modeling; and summarizes the spatiotemporal patterns of drought and the multi-factor drivers behind its evolution under climate change, soil responses, and anthropogenic disturbances. Building on a systematic synthesis of past research, the paper offers prospects for future research directions. This review aims to provide a reference for deepening the understanding of drought mechanisms, enhancing monitoring and early warning capabilities, and formulating scientific response strategies.