Facing the major strategic demands of national food security and in response to the significant practical problems in China, such as numerous soil obstacles, low basic soil fertility, obvious functional degradation, and low agricultural productivity, this article comprehensively analyzes the new progress and trends in scientific and technological development both at home and abroad in the field of cultivated land. Based on future disciplinary development needs and key science and technology challenges in this field, it proposes a strategic framework for the “15th Five-Year Plan” aimed at enhancing soil productivity in cultivated land. The future key directions will focus on mitigating soil constraints, enhancing intrinsic stable fertility, optimizing nutrient regulation and energy-efficient fertilization practices, assembling and functionally regulating soil microbial communities, cultivating and improving the health and productivity of cultivated land, green and sustainable remediation of contaminated soils, managing carbon sequestration and emission reduction processes, rapidly enhancing the fertility of high-standard farmland, establishing comprehensive perception and intelligent monitoring systems for cultivated land quality with predictive and early warning capabilities while constructing ecological barriers for the protection and sustainable utilization of cultivated land. This aims to comprehensively enhance the scientific level of cultivated land soil in China; seize the commanding heights of soil science & technology related to cultivated land, achieve coordinated and steady improvement of cultivated land quality as well as productivity in China, provide important scientific support for implementing comprehensively national strategy.