Over the last four decades, intensified soil acidification has emerged as a severe manifestation of cultivated land degradation in China. The No. 1 Central Document of 2025 explicitly identifies “strengthening the management of acidified and degraded cultivated land in southern China” as a key strategic measure to safeguard national food security and ecological security. Although substantial research has been conducted on the processes, mechanisms, and control technologies related to acidified croplands, systematic strategic research remains scarce. Therefore, this paper reviews recent advances in acidification research worldwide and summarizes the achievements and persistent challenges in managing acidified croplands in China. By incorporating regional acidification characteristics and centering on scientific and technological innovation, we integrate fundamental theories, technological breakthroughs, and policy support to propose three major tasks and six specific measures aimed at enhancing the quality and efficiency of acidified cultivated land. These recommendations are designed to support the national strategy of “sustainable farmland use and innovative application of agricultural technology” and contribute to sustainable agricultural development.